Eczema Steroid Treatment and Insulin Resistance

Eczema, Steroid Treatment, And Insulin Resistance: Our Story My daughter was diagnosed with eczema as a toddler. A respected dermatologist recommended the usual treatment: fewer baths, mild soap, Aveeno® bath oil, and steroid ointment. As she grew, her eczema got worse in spite of treatment. She became allergic to Aveeno. The moisturizers the doctor recommended weren't effective and stung her sensitive skin. I found myself applying the steroid ointment on more and more of her body, without any real improvement. When I became concerned about the long-term effects of using steroids on so much of my daughter's skin, the doctor assured me I had no need to worry because there were no real dangers. At age 8 or so, my daughter, who had always been a thin child, began to gain weight. When her weight gain didn't respond to a lower-calorie diet, I began to suspect diabetes. I took her to an endocrinologist, who confirmed that my daughter had insulin resistance—also known as pre-diabetes or metabolic syndrome. I learned that long-term topical steroid treatment can cause permanent changes in the way the body uses sugars and fats, leading to insulin resistance or even type 2 diabetes. I've spent five years researching the links between eczema, steroid treatment, and diabetes. I wrote this page to help people with eczema understand these links and learn safer ways to control eczema and insulin resistance with diet and nutrition. Eczema, topical steroids, and diabetes: A Vicious Circle The risks of long-term steroid treatment, with nutritional guidelines for managing eczema and insulin resistance by Nina Birnbaum SUMMARY Overuse of topical steroids for eczema control may lead to insulin resistance or diabetes, while having no effect on the underlying biochemical causes of eczema. A simple program of nutritional support addresses a root cause of both eczema and insulin resistance and offers a safe alternative for controlling them. Please see the "Notes and References" section for further reading. Introduction What Causes Eczema? Contact Eczema Infant And Childhood Eczema Food Allergies And Eczema  The Dangers Of Steroid Therapy For Eczema Control A Safer Way To Manage Eczema And Support Healthy Insulin Metabolism A Nutritional Supplement Program To Help Manage Eczema And Insulin Resistance Basic Supplement Plan Fof Managing Eczema And Insulin Resistance INTRODUCTION If you are reading this page, you or your child has probably been diagnosed with eczema. You have a lot of company: According to the National Institutes of Health, up to 20 percent of infants and young children experience symptoms of eczema and about 60 percent of these children go on to have eczema as adults. About 15 million adults in the United States suffer from eczema.(1) A Google search for "eczema" brings up nearly 8.5 million pages. The Wikipedia page actually provides a pretty good overview. Here are two sites that in my opinion offer some of the best information available: DermNet NZ (New Zealand). An overview of eczema can be found here: A more detailed guide to different types of eczema and dermatitis, including pictures of eczema, can be found at DermNet NZ. An informative page from the National Institutes of Health can be downloaded as a pdf. Eczema is commonly treated with topical ointments or creams containing steroid hormones known as corticosteroids or glucocorticoids. These medications reduce the symptoms of eczema—the inflammation and itching—by mimicking natural inflammation-reducing hormones produced in the body by the adrenal glands. However, steroids absorbed through the skin can cause both immediate and long-term changes in the functioning of the adrenal glands, leading to insulin resistance and possibly steroid-induced diabetes.(2, 3) While topical steroids are generally quite effective at reducing the signs and symptoms of eczema, they do not cure its underlying causes. WHAT CAUSES ECZEMA? A healthy body produces natural oils that form a skin barrier that keeps skin soft and slightly acidic (pH between 4.5 and 6, depending on age, with an optimum at around 5.5), helping skin to resist infection by disease-causing bacteria. When the body is unable to produce these natural oils, the skin becomes very dry and the skin barrier is damaged, exposing the skin to infection.(4) To make matters worse, the body's immune system may overreact to common substances, causing inflammation and further damaging the skin.(5) Current research focuses on why the body is unable to produce these natural oils. Central to this research is an enzyme called delta-6-dehydrogenase (D6D), which converts the linoleic acid in dietary vegetable fats into gamma linolenic acid (GLA), an essential fatty acid necessary for maintaining healthy skin.(6) (More on D6D and GLA later.) In both eczema and diabetes, the D6D enzyme may be impaired--it may not function properly.(7, 8) Levels of the specific vitamins and minerals required for D6D to function are often very low in people with eczema or diabetes.(9-15) Nutritional supplementation to increase the levels of these nutrients may reduce or eliminate the symptoms of eczema and help stabilize insulin and glucose metabolism.(15-21) CONTACT ECZEMA Contact eczema (also called contact dermatitis or allergic dermatitis) is not the same thing as atopic eczema. Contact eczema is caused by external factors such as dust, metals, fabrics, or chemicals. It can usually be cleared up with a short course of a steroid ointment. Further breakouts can be prevented by avoiding—if possible—the offending substance. However, many people with atopic dermatitis are also prone to contact eczema. (1, 21) INFANT AND CHILDHOOD ECZEMA A zinc deficiency may be misdiagnosed as eczema When a breast-fed baby develops eczema, the mother's diet is often suspected as the cause. However, the eczema may have nothing to do with food. Breast milk is often low in zinc,(22) and a sign of zinc deficiency is dry, irritated skin.(23) Low levels of magnesium may contribute to dry skin as well.(24) Providing zinc and magnesium supplements to mother or baby may solve the problem.(25) Be sure to talk to your baby's doctor about correct dosing before giving your baby a vitamin supplement. Formula-fed babies may also be deficient in vitamins or in essential fatty acids.(25-27) Some babies may not be able to utilize the vitamins and fats in baby formula, or the formula itself may not provide enough of them. Before exposing your baby to steroid drugs, talk to your doctor or a knowledgeable nutritionist about supplementing safe levels of vitamins and essential fatty acids—especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and GLA. Bathing your baby with Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate) or Dead Sea salts is a safe way to reduce inflammation(28) and supplement with magnesium (which is well-absorbed through the skin(29)) at the same time. A special kind of zinc can also be applied as a topical cream for absorption through the skin. Be sure to use a good, fragrance-free baby oil after the bath to hold moisture in the skin. FOOD ALLERGIES AND ECZEMA Food allergies may cause eczema in infants and children About 30% of infants and children with atopic dermatitis test positive for food allergies.(30-32) A baby or child has a much greater chance of developing food allergies if either of the parents have allergies themselves. The most common allergens include cow's milk, soy, egg, wheat, peanuts and shellfish. In breastfed babies, allergens from foods may pass directly to the child through breast milk.(30) Avoiding these foods while breastfeeding may keep the child from developing eczema or other allergic reactions. The La Leche League has an excellent page on allergies and breastfeeding). In formula-fed babies, changing the formula may eliminate the problem. Special, easy-to-digest hydrolyzed formulas (formulas where the proteins are partially broken down) are often recommended for formula-fed babies with food allergies. Adding probiotics or prebiotics--beneficial bacteria that live in the gut and help digest food--to infant diets helps to reduce or prevent both food allergies and other illnesses.(33-35) Breastfeeding longer, introducing solid foods late (after 6 months), introducing new foods one at a time, and waiting to introduce allergenic foods until after the baby is about a year old help reduce the risk of allergic reactions. Most babies outgrow early allergies to milk and eggs, although peanut allergy is more likely to persist to adulthood. However, children with food allergies are more likely to develop asthma or other atopic diseases when they grow older. If you suspect a food allergy in your baby or child, talk to your doctor. A food elimination diet should only be utilized under a doctor's supervision, to limit the risk of nutrient deficiency. THE DANGERS OF STEROID THERAPY FOR ECZEMA CONTROL Long-term treatment with topical steroids can lead to insulin resistance (pre-diabetes)--and worsened eczema. Today, the most common treatment for eczema is a topical steroid cream or ointment. These are very cheap—a big tube of Triamcinolone®, an often-prescribed drug, is about $10. And, because they are potent anti-inflam-matories, they are very effective at clearing up the inflammation. However, because of their side effects, they are only safe for very short-term use. Two newer drugs, Elidel® and Protopic®, are based on a different technology and don't contain steroids. When they were introduced, they were considered "miracle drugs" because they didn't have the side effects of steroids. However, it was soon discovered that they had a whole different set of side effects. In 2006, both Elidel and Protopic were given "black box" warnings—the FDA's strongest warning—about a possible cancer connection. Despite the risks, topical steroids are often used for the long-term control of eczema, even in young children. This can start a chain of events that eventually leads to diabetes—and, ironically, worsened eczema. How topical steroids can cause insulin resistance  Glucocorticoids are the class of steroid drugs used to treat eczema. They work by interfering with the chemicals the body uses to signal inflammation. Steroids turn off the inflammation response and cause tiny blood vessels called capillaries to constrict, reducing redness and swelling. Topical steroids also suppress the body's immune system, (36) which is one reason they can lead to an increased susceptibility to fungal or bacterial infections of the skin. High levels of steroids may be absorbed through the skin during steroid therapy for eczema,(36, 37) which is where the trouble starts. Children absorb proportionately more of the drugs because their skin is thinner and because they have more skin surface area relative to their body mass. (36) Because the synthetic glucocorticoid hormones used in topical steroid medicines mimic the body's own hormones, long-term use can permanently damage the body's own ability to produce these necessary hormones. (38) Glucocorticoid hormones are essential to regulating the body's ability to convert sugars and fats into the energy needed by every cell in the body. If this regulatory function is impaired, the body is unable to maintain the delicate balance between insulin and glucose, resulting in insulin resistance or diabetes. Insulin resistance inhibits D6D enzyme activity, leading to eczema Insulin resistance inhibits D6D enzyme activity.(39) As mentioned above, D6D is responsible for one of the most important chemical reactions in the body: producing the essential fatty acid GLA. GLA is one of the most important substances in the body. It is essential for the healthy functioning of the nervous system, the brain, and the heart. GLA helps control inflammation. It also plays an important part in creating a healthy skin barrier between the body and the outside world. When the D6D enzyme can't produce GLA, diabetes, allergies, asthma--and eczema--(as well as heart disease, eye diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis and cancer) may be the result.(40) How to recognize steroid-induced insulin resistance Cushing's syndrome is a group of symptoms caused by too much of the hormone cortisol in the blood and is a well-documented side effect of steroid therapy.(36,41) Symptoms include weight gain (especially around the stomach and face), insulin resistance, acanthosis nigricans (see below) . . . and eczema. A complete list of symptoms and information can be found on the web page of the National Adrenal Diseases Foundation. (link: http://www.nadf.us/diseases/cushings.htm). Acanthosis nigricans may be misdiagnosed as eczema Acanthosis nigricans, a warning sign of insulin resistance,is generally caused by too much insulin in the blood. (Rarely, it may be caused by a tumor.) It appears as dark, thickened skin, most often on the back of the neck. It may also appear on or near the armpits, inner elbows, knees, or hands. Eczema tends to occur in these places as well, explaining why acanthosis nigricans can be confused with eczema. Depending on the degree of insulin resistance, acanthosis nigricansmay range from slightly pigmented skin to skin that is very dark, thick, and cracked. Acanthosis nigricans may be misdiagnosed as eczema, even by experienced dermatologists. Such misdiagnosis is easy to understand when you see a definition of eczema like this one from WebMD: Patches of chronically itchy, dry, thickened skin, usually on the hands, neck, face, and legs. In children, the inner creases of the knees and elbows are often involved. Skin lesions, patches of redness, scaling, and in dark-skinned people, changes in skin color. Acanthosis nigricans may be a warning sign of steroid-induced insulin resistance. (My daughter's dermatologist failed to recognize her acanthosis nigricans for years and simply prescribed more hydrocortisone ointment, which may have made the underlying insulin resistance worse.) If your or your child's "eczema" does not respond to topical steroids, suspect acanthosis nigricans and see an endocrinologist immediately. Nearly every discussion of acanthosis nigricans associates it with obesity, but anyone with insulin resistance may develop this condition, whether obese or not! Acanthosis nigricans is more common in people with darker skin. Good pictures and descriptions of acanthosis nigricans can be found on the VisualDx website. Acanthosis nigricans can also appear on the hand, as shown here on MedlinePlus. Acanthosis nigricans often responds quickly to changes in the body's insulin status. As a result, it may be a useful diagnostic tool for figuring out whether insulin resistance is improving or worsening. A SAFER WAY TO MANAGE ECZEMA AND SUPPORT HEALTHY INSULIN METABOLISM Low levels of zinc, magnesium, and selenium often accompany eczema and insulin resistance.(9-15) These nutrients, along with some of the B vitamins (especially B6) are necessary for the D6D enzyme to work properly and produce the essential fatty acid GLA. Recent research shows that Vitamin D is also extremely important in the development and management of both eczema and diabetes.(42-44) It's interesting that the same group of vitamins and minerals are essential for both optimal D6D function and optimal insulin metabolism. Supplementation with these vitamins and minerals may be a safe way to help manage both eczema and insulin resistance. By following this regimen you may be able to stop or reduce your use of topical steroids or insulin-regulating drugs. My recommended diet and supplement regimen provides support for D6D enzyme activity as well as a direct source of GLA. Other vitamins and minerals are included to provide balanced nutrition. The amounts listed are within the United States Recommended Dietary Allowances or, if higher, have extensive research to support the higher doses. Eat a healthy low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet Avoid refined sugar, fried foods, white rice, and highly processed foods made with white flour. Eat a variety of whole grains, including brown rice, barley, quinoa, whole oats, and buckwheat. These grains are all high in healthy fiber, magnesium, B vitamins, and protein. Limit unhealthy fats in the diet from fried foods and margarine, and replace with healthy fats in olive oil, coconut oil (a good source of medium-chain triglycerides, which may be helpful in controlling weight gain in diabetes(45)), and fish oils (EPA and DHA). For vegetarians, the essential fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in fish oil can be found in flax, hemp, or perilla oils. Algae provide a vegetarian source of the essential fatty acid DHA and can be found in vegetarian DHA supplements. Eat plenty of vegetables. Limit fruit juice, which is mostly sugar, and eat seasonal fruit instead. Avoid soft drinks, diet soft drinks, and high-sugar drinks of all kinds. Instead drink tea, water, or, for something sweet, a blend of fruit juice and water. Eat foods high in magnesium, zinc, and B vitamins. A list of high-magnesium foods can be found at http://www.vaughns-1-pagers.com/food/magnesium-foods.htm B vitamins and zinc are found mostly in meat, so vegetarians may not get enough in their diet. High levels of B vitamins and zinc are often found together in the same foods: http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/5560.html A NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT PROGRAM TO HELP MANAGE ECZEMA AND INSULIN RESISTANCE Supplement safety guidelines Notify your doctor before starting on a diet and nutrition program, especially if you are taking any prescription medications. If your doctor refuses to work with you or strongly discourages use of any nutritional supplements, I recommend finding a different doctor! A nutritionist can also help you use drugs and supplements together safely. Vitamin supplements and drugs may interact with eachother, so it's a good idea to check first. An extensive database of drug-vitamin interactions can be found on the University of Maryland website. An interaction does not necessarily mean that you can't use the supplement; it does mean that you should be careful and do so with your doctor's supervision. A supplement may even reduce your need for certain drugs; for instance, both magnesium and chromium can reduce the need for diabetes and heart medicines. To safely use supplements and drugs together, start with a low dose of the supplement and work up to the full dose. Have your doctor test you and adjust your medication as necessary. Test, test, test Testing is important when using drugs or supplements to control a disease or condition. Drugs can raise or lower the levels of key nutrients in your body, and taking drugs and supplements together may affect nutrient levels differently. Supplement dosages need to be adjusted even if you are not on other medication, and testing is the only way to know if you need to be taking more or less. Baseline testing--testing specific nutrient levels in your body before starting a supplement regimen--lets you know where you're starting from. Continue to test once every six months at first and then at least once a year, to be sure your nutrient levels are where you want them to be, and adjust your supplements and medicines accordingly. Why not just take a multivitamin? Although multivitamins supposedly provide a full spectrum of vitamins and minerals, their “one size fits all” formulation may not provide optimum levels of the nutrients your body needs. In addition, because some nutrients block the absorption of others, you may not be getting the full amount of everything listed on the label. And multivitamins—even expensive ones!—are not necessarily made with the specific types of vitamins the human body can use most efficiently. All vitamins are not created equal Vitamins and minerals are available in different chemical compositions. Some are more bioavailable—that is, they are in a chemical form that's easy for the body to use—than others. Often the more bioavailable vitamins are also more expensive. The FDA only regulates supplements for safety, not potency, so the old adage caveat emptor [let the buyer beware] definitely applies when you're buying vitamins! In the list below, I've included the most bioavailable chemical form of each vitamin and the brands that offer it, so you'll get the most from your supplement regimen. Disclaimer: I have no ties with any of the companies that manufacture or sell the vitamins I recommend. Excellent information about vitamins and minerals can be found at the website of the U.S. Office of Dietary Supplements and on iHerb's comprehensive supplement database. Some nutrients lose effectiveness when taken together Some nutrients interfere with the absorption of other nutrients when taken together. For instance, foods high in phytates (chemicals found in plant foods such as whole grains; a full list is here) and foods high in calcium block absorption of zinc, a vital part of this nutritional program. So to get the most out of zinc, take it separately from breads, cereals, and dairy products. [ back to top ] BASIC SUPPLEMENT PLAN FOR MANAGING ECZEMA AND INSULIN RESISTANCE Adults Breakfast: at least 500 mg Vitamin C as "Ester C" or a buffered Vitamin C product 200-500 mg Potassium (see note, below) as Potassium Citrate  200 mcg Selenium as Selenomethionine 400 iu Vitamin E as natural Vitamin E with mixed tocopherals (avoid DL alpha tocopheral or Vitamin E acetate) 1000 iu Vitamin D as natural Vitamin D3 or vegetarian Vitamin D2  500 mg Calcium as Calcium Citrate  25-50 mg Vitamin B6 as Pyridoxal 5' Phosphate (p-5-p)  1000 - 2000 mg Borage oil (1-2 capsules or 1/3 - 2/3 teaspoon liquid) 1000 - 2000 mg high DHA-EPA oil (1-2 capsules or 1/3 - 2/3 teaspoon liquid) Midday: (with food, but not whole grains or dairy products) 25-50 mg Zinc as Zinc Picolinate 200 mg Magnesium as Magnesium Glycinate  Vitamin B Complex containing full spectrum of B vitamins For insulin resistance, you may add: 200-400 mcg Chromium as Chromium Picolinate NOTE: Chromium picolinatehas been studied extensively for its role in helping to improve insulin sensitivity. However, it is controversial as some studies have found it may cause DNA damage, while other studies found it to be safe. Consult a trusted doctor or nutritionist before adding chromium to your supplement regimen. Dinner:  at least 500 mg Vitamin C as "Ester C" or a buffered Vitamin C product 400 mg Magnesium as Magnesium Glycinate  400 iu Vitamin E as natural Vitamin E with mixed tocopherals (avoid DL alpha tocopheral or Vitamin E acetate) 1000 iu Vitamin D as natural Vitamin D3 or vegetarian Vitamin D2  500 mg Calcium as Calcium Citrate  1000  mg Borage oil (1 capsule or 1/3 teaspoon liquid) 1000  mg high DHA-EPA oil (1 capsule or 1/3 teaspoon liquid) Recommended Supplement Brands Unless you are an experienced vitamin shopper, I recommend purchasing vitamins from a reputable health food store, where a knowledgeable person can answer your questions. Online, try Willner Chemists (willner.com) or EmersonEcologics.com. For the best prices online, try iherb.com, vitacost.com, or valuenutritioncenter.com (note: value nutrition's shipping time can be very slow). Vitamin B Complex I recommend Jarrow B-Right, which has the best balance of the various forms of Vitamin B. For additional Vitamin B6, look for one that contains the most bioavailable form, Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate or "p-5-p" in a 50mg or lower dose. Pure Encapsulations, Kal, Carlson, and Country Life ("Active B-6") are all good choices. Vitamin C An important antioxidant and immune booster. Look for "Ester C", a patented form of Vitamin C, or anything that says "buffered" on the label. There are many good brands, including Now and Vitamin Shoppe brands. Vitamin C can be expensive, so buy on sale! Vitamin D Vitamin D, which we produce naturally from sun exposure, is essential to the healthy functioning of every organ in the body. Vitamin D deficiency has become an epidemic of modern indoor living, so a supplement is necessary. Look for naturally sourced (from lanolin or fish liver oil) Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), which is the type of Vitamin D made in skin in response to sunlight. It is more biologically active than Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). However, it is NOT vegetarian. Vegetarians should use Vitamin D2, which is derived from plant sources and will be labeled "vegetarian vitamin D." For the latest research on Vitamin D, go to VitaminDCouncil.org. Vitamin E An important antioxidant, needed to balance the essential fatty acids (DHA, EPA and GLA) in the supplement plan.  Look for any brand of natural vitamin E with mixed tocopherals. Do not take the synthetic forms, called DL alpha tocopheral or Vitamin E acetate. Vitamin Shoppe carries a natural source Vitamin E at a good price. Borage Oil Borage oil is the highest-potency source of GLA. Unfortunately, it's extremely expensive. Look for a cold-pressed, hexane-free oil. Barleans and Health from the Sun Borage Oil 300 are both cold pressed. Both companies offer a liquid Borage oil, which may cost slightly less per dose. DHA/EPA oil blend I recommend Nordic Naturals Arctic Cod Liver Oil, which has a higher ratio of DHA to EPA and is available in capsules or liquid. Vegetarians may need to use two products: an organic flax, hemp or perilla seed supplement for the omega-3 essential fatty acids, and a vegetarian source of DHA, such as Neuromins®. Good vegetarian omega-3/DHA blends are Flora's DHA Flax Oil and Now Foods Omega Supreme (which also contains GLA); however, you need to take much more of the vegetarian products to equal the amount of EFAs in the Nordic Naturals product. Calcium Look for any brand made from 100% Calcium Citrate. Citracal®, a drugstore brand, is a good source. Some calcium supplements have been found to contain high levels of lead. To avoid lead, avoid calcium supplements made from  oyster shells, bone meal, or dolomite. Magnesium The most bioavailable form of magnesium is Magnesium Glycinate, which is most easily absorbed and won't upset your stomach. Look for Doctor's Best High Absorption Magnesium, Kal, Solaray, or Metagenics Mag Glycinate. The wrong form of magnesium can cause severe upset stomach--laxatives are commonly made with magnesium citrate, so you want to avoid that form! Other common forms, such as magnesium oxide, are not well absorbed. Potassium Any brand of Potassium Citrate is fine. Potassium only comes in 99mg doses. If you don't eat a lot of vegetables, or if you have diabetes or insulin resistance, you may need to supplement with up to 600 mg of potassium daily. (A baked potato contains about 600 mg of potassium; a cup of cooked spinach, about 800 mg.) Have your doctor test your potassium levels to be sure you're getting the right amount. Selenium  Look for any brand as L-Selenomethionine. A great natural source of selenium is Brazil nuts, which may contain anywhere from 50-100 mcg of selenium per nut. Since Brazil nuts contain a variable amount of selenium, don't eat more than 2 per day on a regular basis, to avoid excessive selenium build-up. Brazil nuts go rancid very quickly, so purchase them from a store with high turnover and keep them in the freezer to prevent rancidity. Bite a corner from each nut before eating the whole thing, to be sure it's good. Zinc Look for any brand of zinc picolinate, the most bioavailable form. Purchasing a lower-dose zinc--around 25 mg, rather than 50 mg--will allow you to regulate your dose more effectively.  Too much zinc can reduce levels of copper, another essential nutrient. Once again, testing--both zinc and copper--is key to balancing these nutrients. [ back to top ]

Download this page as a PDF PLEASE NOTE The statements on this page have not been evaluated by the FDA (U.S. Food & Drug Administration). They are not intended to diagnose, cure or prevent any disease. The information provided by this website is not a substitute for a consultation with your physician, and should not be construed as individual medical advice. Softress make fragrance-free, chemical free body oils for sensitive skin and dry skin care. Go to our home page to find out more. Home page Eczema care Sensitive, dry skin care Baby care Hand care Hair care KEY WORDS Atopic or atopy: A term used to describe conditions, including allergies, asthma, and eczema, in which the body's immune system overreacts to common substances, causing inflammation. Corticosteroids, glucocorticoids, cortisol, hydrocortisone: Terms used to describe both steroid medications and/or steroids produced naturally by the body. In the body, glucocorticoids control metabolism (transformation) of sugars and fats into energy, among other things. Diabetes: Diabetes is a family of disorders in which there is a problem with the production or use of insulin, causing levels of the sugar glucose to rise too high in the blood. Delta-6-dehydrogenase (D6D): an enzyme in the body that converts linoleic acid, a fatty acid found in vegetable oils, into gamma-linolenic acid, an essential fatty acid used by nearly every cell in the body. Dermatologist: A medical doctor who diagnoses and treats disorders of the skin. Endocrinologist: A medical doctor who diagnoses and treats disorders of glands and the hormones they produce. Essential fatty acids (EFAs): Chemical components of fats that are essential to healthy functioning of the human body. Eczema, atopic dermatitis, or atopic eczema: General terms used to describe a host of skin conditions characterized by very dry, inflamed skin. Symptoms may include redness, itching, scaling, peeling, cracking, and even blisters. Enzyme: a protein molecule that catalyzes (facilitates and speeds up) chemical reactions in the body and enables the transformation of one chemical substance into another. Most biochemical reactions in the human body require specific enzymes to go to completion. Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA): An essential fatty acid necessary for proper functioning of the heart, the brain, and the nervous system and many of the body's chemical reactions. It also helps the body control inflammation. Hormone: Strictly speaking this is a chemical produced by the cells in one part of the body that is carried by the blood and acts in a different part of the body. It also refers to any synthetic substance that acts like a hormone. Inflammation: Inflammation occurs when the body detects an injury, irritant, or foreign substance and sends white blood cells and chemical agents to fight it. This response can be beneficial, such as when it helps wounds heal. But it can cause problems when skin is too sensitive, which occurs in eczema and some other skin diseases. Insulin: A hormone produced in the body that allows cells to take up glucose from the blood and use it for energy. It also stores excess glucose in the liver as glycogen, or “animal starch.” Insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, metabolic syndrome, “syndrome X”: A condition in which the body's cells don’t respond properly to insulin and so absorb little glucose. The body responds by making more insulin, resulting in too much insulin in the blood. Insulin resistance can lead to type 2 diabetes if not caught early enough. Topical: applied to the skin. Topical steroids: Anti-inflammatory medicines that mimic glucocorticoids, hormones the body produces to metabolize sugars and fats and fight inflammation. Topical steroids are divided into seven classes depending on their strength. A list of medicines by strength and brand name can be found here.